In English
There are four or periods in life - (life as a celibate), (life as a householder), (life as a recluse), and (life as an ascetic). There are also four goals in life - (righteous living), (material well-being), (achievement of desires), and (ultimate liberation). These four can be grouped in pairs. While and thrive in modern times, and have almost disappeared. Modern man craves for wealth and sensual pleasures and neglects righteousness and salvation. Since and are like the feet and the head of a body, man today seems to be existing without these two essential organs. These four values of life should instead be grouped as and . In other words, wealth should be acquired for the sake of righteous living, and man should aspire only for liberation. Only such a judicious combination of these four goals shall enable man to find fulfilment in life.