In English
The , the first among the four, has come down to us in exactly the same way that it was recited in the past. It is a far-spreading tree, with many branches. Of the 25 that once existed, only two are now available. But, these have been preserved intact by means of an elaborate system of memorisation, by which while one set of pupils recite seriatim, another does so back for forth; a third with alternate syllables omitted, etc. The techniques have distinct names like , , , , , , , etc..